man/man1/ls.html man page

-a, --all

List entries starting with .; turns off --almost-all.

-A, --almost-all

List all entries but . and ..; turns off --all.

-b, --escape

Print escapes for nongraphic characters.

-B, --ignore-backups

Do not list entries ending with ~.

-c, --ctime

Sort by change time; list ctime with --long.

-C, --multi-column

List entries by columns.

-d, --directory

List directory entries instead of contents.

-D, --define=key[=value]

Define key with optional value. value will be expanded when %(key) is specified in --format. key may override internal --format identifiers.

-e, --long-iso|long-time

Equivalent to --long --time-style=long-iso.

-E, --full-iso|full-time

Equivalent to --long --time-style=full-iso.

-f, --force

Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list the name found in each slot in the physical directory order. Turns on -aU and turns off -lrst. The results are undefined for non-directory arguments.

-Z, --format=format

Append to the listing format string. format follows printf(3) conventions, except that sfio(3) inline ids are used instead of arguments: %[-+][width[.precis [.base]]](id[:subformat])char. If char is s then the string form of the item is listed, otherwise the corresponding numeric form is listed. subformat overrides the default formatting for id. Supported ids and subformats are:

atime: access time
blocks: size in blocks
ctime: change time
dev: major/minor device numbers
device: major/minor device numbers if block or character special device
devmajor: major device number
devminor: minor device number
dir.blocks: directory blocks
dir.bytes: directory size in bytes
dir.count: directory entry count
dir.files: directory file count
flags: command line flags in effect
gid: group id
header: listing header
ino: serial number
linkop: link operation: -> for symbolic, empty otherwise
linkname: symbolic link text
linkpath: symbolic link text
mark: file or directory mark character
markdir: directory mark character
mode: access mode
mtime: modification time
name: entry name
nlink: hard link count
path: file path from original root dir
perm: access permissions
size: file size in bytes
summary: listing summary info
total.blocks: running total block count
total.bytes: running total size in bytes
total.files: running total file count
trailer: listing trailer
uid: owner id
view: 3d fs view level, 0 for the top or 2d
----: subformats ----
case:p1:s1:...:pn:sn: Expands to si if the value of id matches the shell pattern pi, or the empty string if there is no match.
mode: The integral value as a fmtmode(3) string.
perm: The integral value as a fmtperm(3) string.
time[=format]: The integral value as a strftime(3) string. For example, --format="%8(mtime)u %(ctime:time=%H:%M:%S)s" lists the mtime in seconds since the epoch and the ctime as hours:minutes:seconds.

-F, --classify

Append a character for typing each entry. Turns on --physical.

-g, --group

--long with no owner info.

-G

--long with no group info.

-h, --scale|binary-scale|human-readable

Scale sizes to powers of 1024 { Ki Mi Gi Ti Pi Xi }.

-i, --inode

List the file serial number.

-I, --ignore=pattern

Do not list implied entries matching shell pattern.

-k, --kilobytes

Use 1024 blocks instead of 512.

-K, --shell-quote

Enclose entry names in shell $'...' if necessary.

-l, --long|verbose

Use a long listing format.

-m, --commas|comma-list

List names as comma separated list.

-n, --numeric-uid-gid

List numeric user and group ids instead of names.

-N, --literal|show-controls-chars

Print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially).

-o, --owner

--long with no group info.

-O

--long with no owner info.

-p, --markdir

Append / to each directory name.

-q, --hide-control-chars

Print ? instead of non graphic characters.

-Q, --quote-name

Enclose all entry names in "...".

-J, --quote-style|quoting-style=style

Quote entry names according to style:

c|C: C "..." quote.
escape: \ escape if necessary.
literal: No quoting.
question: Replace unprintable characters with ?.
shell: Shell $'...' quote if necessary.
S|shell-always: Shell $'...' every name.

The default value is question.

-r, --reverse

Reverse order while sorting.

-R, --recursive

List subdirectories recursively.

-s, --size

Print size of each file, in blocks.

-S, --bysize

Sort by file size.

-t

Sort by modification time; list mtime with --long.

-T, --tabsize=columns

Ignored by this implementation.

-u, --access

Sort by last access time; list atime with --long.

-U

Equivalent to --sort=none.

-V, --colors|colours[=key]

key determines when color is used to distinguish types:

never: Never use color.
always: Always use color.
tty|auto: Use color when output is a tty.

The option value may be omitted. The default value is never.

-w, --width=[screen-heightX]screen-width

Set the screen width to screen-width and the screen height to screen-height if specified.

-W, --time=key

Display key time instead of the modification time:

atime|access|use: access time
ctime|status: status change time
mtime|time: modify time

-x, --across

List entries by lines instead of by columns.

-X, --extension

Sort alphabetically by entry extension.

-y, --sort[=key]

Sort by key:

atime|access|use: Access time.
ctime|status: Status change time.
x|extension: File name extension.
mtime|time: Modify time.
f|name: File name.
none: Don't sort.
size|blocks: File size.
version: File name version.

The option value may be omitted.

-Y, --layout=key

Listing layout key:

across|horizontal: Multi-column across the page.
comma: Comma separated names across the page.
long|verbose: Long listing.
v|multi-column|vertical: Multi-column by column.
1|single-column: One column down the page.

-z, --time-style=style

List the time according to style:

iso: Equivalent to +%Q/%m-%d+%H:%M/%Y-%m-%d /.
posix-iso: No change for the C or posix locales, iso otherwise.
full-iso: Equivalent to +%_EK.
long-iso: Equivalent to +%_K.
posix-full-iso: No change for the C or posix locales, full-iso otherwise.
L|locale: Equivalent to +%c.
+format: A date(1) +format.

-1, --one-column

List one file per line.

-L, --logical|follow

Follow symbolic links. The default is determined by getconf PATH_RESOLVE.

-H, --metaphysical

Follow command argument symbolic links, otherwise don't follow. The default is determined by getconf PATH_RESOLVE.

-P, --physical

Don't follow symbolic links. The default is determined by getconf PATH_RESOLVE.

--block-size=blocksize

Use blocksize blocks.

--decimal-scale|thousands

Scale sizes to powers of 1000 { K M G T P X }.

--dump

Print the generated --format string on the standard output and exit.

--testdate=date

--format time values newer than date will be printed as date. Used for regression testing.

--testsize=shift

Shift file sizes left shift bits and set file block counts to the file size divided by 512. Used for regression testing.

LS ( 1 ) USER COMMANDS LS ( 1 )

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

SEE ALSO

BUGS

IMPLEMENTATION

LS ( 1 ) USER COMMANDSLS ( 1 )